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Liposome tubulation assay and Negative-Stain EM Protein (0.4 mg/mL) was incubated with liposomes (0.2 mg/mL) for 4 h at 4 C
At low levels, exercise-induced ROS play a critical role in skeletal muscle adaptation [95] by up-regulating various cytokines and protein kinases such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-) [96] and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) [97] that work to signal increases in mitochondrial density and number, endogenous antioxidants, and assist in muscle protein synthesis [98, 99]
These data suggest that the oxidative effect of nicotine mediates COX-2 induction in HGF, and thiol pools may act as an intracellular buffer against nicotine-induced COX-2 expression
