In high-intensity exercise, this metabolic shift is hypothesized to increase energetic efficiency, reduce lactate accumulation, delay fatigue, and accelerate post-exercise recovery, which helps explain its attraction in elite sport ( Also, persistent uncertainty regarding long-term safety, limited high-quality human data in athletes, and its status as a banned substance continue to raise ethical and regulatory concerns ( Human physical performance: mechanistic rationale vs
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Accelerated apoptotic death and in vivo turnover of erythrocytes in mice lacking functional mitogen- and stress-activated kinase MSK1/2
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However, its effects on recovery, inflammation reduction, and overall health may indirectly support hormone balance, including testosterone