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Bluml S, Kirchberger S, Bochkov VN, Kronke G, Stuhlmeier K, Majdic O, Zlabinger GJ, Knapp W, Binder BR, Stockl J, Leitinger N
Mechanisms of action: two distinct cascades BPC-157: NO pathway modulation and growth factor expression Preclinical studies have suggested that BPC-157 acts primarily through three axes: NO (nitric oxide) pathway : BPC-157 modulates endothelial NO signaling, favoring local vasodilation and perfusion of injured tissues VEGF-R2 expression and angiogenesis : animal models have shown increased formation of new capillaries at the injury site Interactions with dopaminergic, serotonergic and GABAergic pathways : BPC-157 exhibits a pleiotropic profile influencing neurological and digestive healing Documented strengths (animal models): healing of tendons, ligaments, gastrointestinal mucosa, bone, teeth, vessels, cornea
Another key energy sensor is AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an insulin-independent regulator of glucose uptake, which on activation by exercise, regulates downstream targets involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, energy metabolism, and oxidative capacity (Ruderman et al., 2013
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