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E-cigarettes do produce small amounts of toxic chemicals, such as heavy metals and ultrafine particles, which can be harmful to the lungs and other organs

"Social reformers and regulation: the prohibition of cigarettes in the United States and Canada." Explorations in Economic History 39.4 (2002): 425-445

However, practical enforcement varies by location

The star ratings assigned to each smokingoutcome pair offer policy makers a way of categorizing and comparing the evidence for a relationship between smoking and its potential health outcomes ( We found that, for seven outcomes in our analysis, there was insufficient or inconsistent evidence to demonstrate a significant association with smoking

That includes mandatory age-checking scanners and increased fines for underage sale violations, capping the number of purchases allowed to limit straw buyers, and fees and taxes to cover the costs of enforcement, he said