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3 Environmental risk factors, including cigarette smoking, substance abuse, psychological stress, and poor dietary habits, are recognized as contributors to IBD pathogenesis

Data visualization Data visualization was performed using R software (version 4.3.1) to create figures illustrating the trends in larynx cancer burden

In a control group, composed of 99 healthy individuals, including 18 electronic cigarette smokers, the substance was not found

How Inflammatory Biomarkers Help You and Your Doctor Manage Inflammation Biomarkers are a measurable way to treat inflammatory disorders (New York, NY, United States: verywellhealth)

This imbalance allows ROS and other reactive species contained in cigarette smoke, or generated endogenously, to act directly on cellular components, damaging lipids, proteins and DNA