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Counterfeit cigarettes and rolling tobacco may contain harmful substances not found in legitimate products, posing serious health risks to consumers
The toxins in cigarette smoke can directly impact the liver, impairing its ability to perform essential functions, such as detoxification and metabolism
Medications or Over-the-Counter Drugs Certain medications, particularly those in liquid form, may contain alcohol
The convergence of acetaldehyde-producing fungi, oncoviral cofactors (HPV/EBV), and nitrosamine-enriched bacterial consortia establishes a polymicrobial carcinogenic milieu, necessitating functional metagenomic studies to disentangle microbial contributions to OSCC progression and targeted interventions to restore mucosal homeostasis
Moffatt RJ, Biggerstaff KD, Stamford BA
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