These might be simple deep breathing, taking a short walk, drinking a glass of fresh water, reading a book, chatting to a colleague, and so on
In order to adjust for biases that could be introduced by stratifying on smoking status, marginal structural models were used to estimate controlled direct effects of an index of socioeconomic disadvantage (incorporating household education, occupation and income) on vaping by smoking status (among adults and youth), adjusting for relevant confounders and for selection into smoking states
Acute and Chronic Effects of Nicotine on Serotonin Uptake in Prefrontal Cortex and hippocampus of Rats
10.1136/tc.2010.039172
The study, conducted by WalletHub, a personal finance website, established the real cost of smoking by state by calculating the costs of six categories: Total cost per smoker, Out-of-pocket cost, Financial opportunity cost, Health care cost per smoker, Income loss per smoker, and Costs associated with second-hand smoke