Several theories have been hypothesized regarding the mechanisms by which smoking lowers testosterone levels owing to Leydig cell dysfunction by various mechanisms such as chronic hypoxia, smoke-induced oxidative stress (ROS), neuroendocrinal effect of nicotine on hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis, direct cytotoxic effect on Leydig cells either causing downregulation of key enzymes of steroidogenesis (NR5A1, CYP11A1, and 3b-HSD1) or by inducing apoptosis (by increase in Bax (proapoptotic protein) and caspase-3 expression, and a decrease in Bcl-2 (an antiapoptotic protein) expression[]
Although processed foods were not nearly as prevalent as they are today, Petrzela says frozen and shelf-stable foods were also imbued with the romance of science and technology
Cannabis for recreational use Although recreational use of cannabis is legal within Canada, its illegal to travel across the border and internationally with it
When we talk about sun safety, the conversation us
Blood pressure and heart rate normalize within 20 minutes