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One study found that youth who vaped a higher concentration of nicotine were more likely to subsequently smoke at higher frequency and intensity levels, which further supports the catalyst hypothesis and suggests specificity of the association to nicotine and nicotine-containing products

The gill covers have three well developed spines, with the middle one being straight

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Smoking rates in the UK have been steadily falling in adults and children, both before and after vapes were introduced

Mitochondrial bioenergetics, the production of energy within mitochondria, is found to be decreased in inflammatory lung diseases (Riou et al., 2020)