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doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013757 2

The methodology was based on comparing the therapeutic index of the substances, which was defined as the ratio of the median lethal dose (LD50) to the median effective dose (ED50)

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We can have workshops to educate students on the risks and create support programs to help people quit (Watermelon, female, non-smoker)

After 1 Year of Smoking Structural Changes Begin Chest CT and HRCT scans of early smokers often show : Airway thickening Mucus gland enlargement Early emphysema-like changes Functional Impairment A study by the European Respiratory Society shows that even 12 months of smoking causes: 510% reduction in lung function Reduced capacity for pollutant clearance Increased incidence of cough, colds, and allergies After 5 Years of Smoking Lung damage, by this stage, has become more pronounced and is visible on imaging